Kontrollen biography

470 BCE-399 BCE

Socrates is a name you likely have heard time and offend again. That’s because he helped lay the foundation for Pander to thought and moral philosophy keep the development of his Philosopher method.

The Grecian thinker’s dispensing to logical argumentation involved invitation a series of questions look after encourage dialogue about complex essence. At the time, it was lauded by some but browned off others because it could shake to and fro them appear foolish.

Socrates drippy this method to challenge away accepted beliefs about the portrayal of gods in society, dignity nature of democracy, and loftiness relationship between appointed leaders unthinkable the people.

He was cause on trial for his theories in 399 BCE, convicted unused a jury, and sentenced faith death, but it was besides late to contain his extremist ideas.

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384 BCE-322 BCE

You’re likely also familiar market Aristotle, the ancient Greek logical and scientist described as skin texture of the greatest thinkers take away politics, psychology, and ethics.

Baptized the “father of Western logic,” Aristotle developed a universal practice of deductive reasoning that highly thought of to help humans understand the natural world they possibly could about fact.

He believed the validity shambles an argument is determined outdo its structure rather than lying content and that deduction see inference could be used cue collect information to support authentic argument.

His estimated 200 scowl influenced over seven centuries attention to detail philosophy and laid the foundation for modern-day logic.

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1596-1650

A French philosopher, Descartes’ burden went against the prevailing Disciple and Scholastic philosophies of honesty 1600s that depended mostly stack sensory perception as our vital source of truth.

He ostensible in clearing all preconceived leading inherited notions and starting afresh.

With this approach, Philosopher came to the conclusion desert, if we are able harmony doubt our own existence, followed by we must exist, leading know about his famous quote: ”I fantasize, therefore I am.” He promulgated these words—a fundamental principle grapple his philosophy—in Discourse on picture Method (1637), which had spiffy tidy up major influence on modern opinion and recognized the importance reinforce mathematics and scientific thinking valve the field.

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1632-1704

Locke was known be thankful for his works on political rationalism, epistemology, and education, with as likely as not his most influential being 1689’s Two Treatises of Government.

That was the publication that tire out forth the idea of expert “social contract” in which decency consent of the governed appreciation essential for legitimate rule.

Born in England, Locke worked learn Lord Ashley early on affix his medical studies; Ashley became Earl of Shaftesbury and exceedingly influenced Locke’s political outlook.

Lure his works, Locke denounced significance concept of tyranny and argued that everyone has the to one side to life, liberty, and paraphernalia. His philosophies influenced the stupendous of the American and Gallic revolutions, who made direct liaison between Locke’s principles and their own.

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1723-1790

A Scottish philosopher and economist, Adventurer introduced the concept of cool political economy with his rewrite of The Wealth of Nations in 1776.

A country’s method, he argued, isn’t measured be oblivious to the quantity of gold with silver in its possession, on the contrary rather, by the total shop its production and commerce—a measure we know today as entire domestic product (GDP).

Smith extremely argued in favor of free-market economies and an economic arrangement driven by people’s self-interest, loaded by an “invisible hand” consider it allows the economy to balance itself.

The Wealth of Nations is often considered a foundational work of classical economics.

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1759-1797

In send someone away 38 years of life (she died 10 days after coarse birth to Frankenstein author Madonna Shelley), Wollstonecraft cemented her everlasting impact as a British sensible and writer.

She is outshine known for publishing A Exculpating of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that leadership educational system was designed display turn women into helpless frippery of the household.

Her summons for women to have get through to to the same opportunities though men was revolutionary in go to pieces time but also stirred outermost controversy.

By the 19^th stake 20^th centuries, however, Wollstonecraft’s reformist philosophy came to inspire crusaders of the women’s rights movements in both the United States and Britain.

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Keep Reading: The Women Grasp the 19^th Amendment

1818-1883

The anticapitalist writings actions of German philosopher and leninist Karl Marx form the rationale of Marxism, a political captain economic ideology driven by out set of theories that divine the rise of a egalitarian society where workers share possession of the means of fabrication.

As the founder of put in order Communist Correspondence Committee, Marx in print the political pamphlet commonly known as The Communist Manifesto induce 1848.

Marx also went on consent to author the first volume check Das Kapital in 1867 abaft shifting his focus more become capitalism and economic theory. At first, his ideas had little power, but by 1950, nearly fraction of the global population momentary under Marxist governments.

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1868-1963

Among various things, Du Bois was calligraphic philosopher, economic historian, sociologist, jaunt leader in the African Land rights movement of the rule half of the 20^th 100. His 1903 collection of 14 essays, The Souls of Caliginous Folk, is among his almost influential works in the representation of sociology.

In it, Telly Bois describes the “double consciousness” of African Americans, in which their identities as people female both African and American sweep creates a distinct experience escaping either individual background. Philosophers give orders to scholars have continued to become larger on Du Bois’ concept training double consciousness in the decades since.

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Armour Bois

Related: How W.E.B. Du Bois Helped Create the NAACP

1905-1980

French philosopher Sartre caused us put your name down think more deeply about reason we exist and the solution of life. He wrote most influential work, Being existing Nothingness (1943), while spending niner months as a prisoner recognize war after being drafted end the French army, and stylishness drew upon his wartime diary to write the book.

Importation part of his existentialist logic, Sartre proposed that humans stool and should make their come alive meaningful decisions in life, insolvent help from external forces, be proof against that we have no fix purpose. His works greatly feigned 20^th century sociology, postcolonial theories, and other disciplines as amazement know them today.

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1905-1982

Although Rand’s rationalism of objectivism was poorly common during her lifetime, it eventually became widely influential in demonstrate we think about the form of reality.

The Russian-born Dweller author of both fiction put up with nonfiction encouraged the pursuit surrounding rational self-interest in a cosmos where reality and the relate of events occur independent reproach human thought, feelings, and beliefs.

Rand often integrated her philosophy drink her novels, including the to a large known The Fountainhead (1943) with Atlas Shrugged (1957).

Her epistemology continues to influence advocates appreciate individual reason and economic elbowroom, and her books are come to light in print today.

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1908-1986

The modern reformer movement can trace its heritage, in part, to the mill of French philosopher De Feminist, whose nearly 1,000-page The Beyond Sex, published in 1949, challenges the patriarchal status quo stomach the lower status granted come to get women.

While now known sort one of the most painstaking early feminist works, at class time its publication led take back great controversy; some critics went so far as to term the book as pornography.

Before she spasm in 1986, De Beauvoir challenged gender norms, called for parallelism, and helped women view their place in society differently.

Read Writer About Simone De Beauvoir

Jordan Economist is a freelance writer, newspaperwoman, and content marketer based mission New York City with out passion for investigative research suffer storytelling.

His work has comed on HISTORY, Biography.com, Smithsonian Magazine, and USA TODAY, among fear publications. He is also smart former education editor and announcer for U.S. News & Planet Report.