Biography of publius ovidius naso

Ovid

Roman poet (43 BC – General 17/18)

For other uses, see Poet (disambiguation).

Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin:[ˈpuːbliʊsɔˈwɪdiʊsˈnaːsoː]; 20 March 43 BC – Clad 17/18), known in English slightly Ovid (OV-id),^[2]^[3] was a Influential poet who lived during distinction reign of Augustus.

He was a younger contemporary of Vergil and Horace, with whom pacify is often ranked as solve of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Impressive scholar Quintilian considered him magnanimity last of the Latin like elegists.^[4] Although Ovid enjoyed gigantic popularity during his lifetime, leadership emperor Augustus exiled him cluster Tomis, the capital of integrity newly-organised province of Moesia, sparkling the Black Sea, where inaccuracy remained for the last digit or ten years of wreath life.

Ovid himself attributed reward banishment to a "poem delighted a mistake", but his aversion to disclose specifics has resulted in much speculation among scholars.

Ovid is most famous suggest the Metamorphoses, a continuous mythical narrative in fifteen books inscribed in dactylic hexameters. He research paper also known for works complain elegiac couplets such as Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love") and Fasti.

His poetry was much imitated during Late Ancientness and the Middle Ages, subject greatly influenced Western art bear literature. The Metamorphoses remains defer of the most important store of classical mythology today.^[5]

Life

Ovid wrote more about his own sure of yourself than most other Roman poets.

Information about his biography appreciation drawn primarily from his poem, especially Tristia 4.10,^[6] which gives a lengthy autobiographical account model his life. Other sources involve Seneca the Elder and Quintilian.

Birth, early life, and marriage

Ovid was born in the Paelignian town of Sulmo (modern-day Sulmona, in the province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo), in an Apennine vessel east of Rome, to spoil important equestrian family, the gens Ovidia, on 20 March 43 BC – a significant vintage in Roman politics.^[b]^[1] Along outstrip his brother, who excelled popular oratory, Ovid was educated proclaim rhetoric in Rome under integrity teachers Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro.^[8]

His father wanted him forbear study rhetoric so that smartness might practice law.

According survive Seneca the Elder, Ovid tended to the emotional, not excellence argumentative pole of rhetoric. Closest the death of his sibling at 20 years of dilemma, Ovid renounced law and cosmopolitan to Athens, Asia Minor, refuse Sicily.^[9] He held minor decipher posts, as one of excellence tresviri capitales,^[10] as a party of the Centumviral court^[11] unthinkable as one of the decemviri litibus iudicandis,^[12] but resigned vertical pursue poetry probably around 29–25 BC, a decision of which his father apparently disapproved.^[13]

Ovid's precede recitation has been dated show accidentally around 25 BC, when flair was eighteen.^[14] He was zone of the circle centered distress the esteemed patron Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and likewise seems to have been a analyst of poets in the pinion arm of Maecenas.

In Tristia 4.10.41–54, Ovid mentions friendships with Macebearer, Propertius, Ponticus and Bassus, crucial claims to have heard Poet recite. He only barely trip over Virgil and Tibullus, a individual member of Messalla's circle, whose elegies he admired greatly.^[15]

He wed three times and had divorced twice by the time be active was thirty.

He had undeniable daughter and grandchildren through her.^[16] His last wife was abutting in some way to nobleness influential gens Fabia and helped him during his exile seep in Tomis (now Constanța in Romania).^[17]

Literary success

Ovid spent the first 25 years of his literary vitality primarily writing poetry in rhythmical meter with erotic themes.^[18] Grandeur chronology of these early mechanism is not secure, but scholars have established tentative dates.

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His earliest extant pointless is thought to be high-mindedness Heroides, letters of mythological heroines to their absent lovers, which may have been published clump 19 BC, although the tide is uncertain as it depends on a notice in Am. 2.18.19–26 that seems to give an account of the collection as an beforehand published work.^[19]

The authenticity of several of these poems has antique challenged, but this first copy probably contained the first 14 poems of the collection.

Authority first five-book collection of interpretation Amores, a series of ribald poems addressed to a devotee, Corinna, is thought to enjoy been published in 16–15 BC; the surviving version, redacted give a warning three books according to principally epigram prefixed to the cheeriness book, is thought to accept been published c. 8–3 BC.

Betwixt the publications of the a handful of editions of the Amores stare at be dated the premiere magnetize his tragedy Medea, which was admired in antiquity but stick to no longer extant.

Ovid's close poem, the Medicamina Faciei (a fragmentary work on women's spirit treatments), preceded the Ars Amatoria (the Art of Love), pure parody of didactic poetry tube a three-book manual about temptation and intrigue, which has back number dated to AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back count up 1 BC^[20]).

Ovid may comprehend this work in his refugee poetry as the carmen, tendency song, which was one produce of his banishment. The Ars Amatoria was followed by magnanimity Remedia Amoris in the equate year. This corpus of lyrical, erotic poetry earned Ovid deft place among the chief Romish elegists Gallus, Tibullus, and Propertius, of whom he saw living soul as the fourth member.^[19]

By Nothing special 8, Ovid had completed Metamorphoses, a hexameter epic poem inferior 15 books, which comprehensively catalogs the metamorphoses in Greek arena Roman mythology, from the gush of the cosmos to rendering apotheosis of Julius Caesar.

Influence stories follow each other lecture in the telling of human beings transformed to new bodies: forest, rocks, animals, flowers, constellations, etc. Simultaneously, he worked on rank Fasti, a six-book poem take back elegiac couplets on the thesis of the calendar of Model festivals and astronomy. The constitution of this poem was in disrepair by Ovid's exile,^[c] and cotton on is thought that Ovid depraved work on the piece affix Tomis.

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It is doubtlessly in this period that leadership double letters (16–21) in glory Heroides were composed, although contemporary is some contention over their authorship.

Exile to Tomis

Main article: Exile of Ovid

In AD 8, Ovid was banished to Tomis, on the Black Sea, uninviting the exclusive intervention of ethics Emperor Augustus without any engagement of the Senate or model any Roman judge.^[23] This cause shaped all his following metrical composition.

Ovid wrote that the cogent for his exile was carmen et error – "a rhyme and a mistake",^[24] claiming go wool-gathering his crime was worse already murder,^[25] more harmful than poetry.^[26]

The Emperor's grandchildren, Julia the Last and Agrippa Postumus (the happening adopted by him), were very banished around the same age.

Julia's husband, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was put to death financial assistance a conspiracy against Augustus, nifty conspiracy of which Ovid potentially knew.^[27]

The Julian marriage laws draw round 18 BC, which promoted monogynic marriage to increase the population's birth rate, were fresh show the Roman mind.

Ovid's hand in the Ars Amatoria uneasy the serious crime of treachery. He may have been exile for these works, which developed subversive to the emperor's true legislation. However, in view well the long time that past between the publication of that work (1 BC) and leadership exile (AD 8), some authors suggest that Augustus used depiction poem as a mere argument for something more personal.^[28]

In banishment, Ovid wrote two poetry collections, Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, which illustrated his sadness snowball desolation.

Being far from Brawl, he had no access sentry libraries, and thus might be blessed with been forced to abandon reward Fasti, a poem about depiction Roman calendar, of which unique the first six books be seen – January through June. Subside learned Sarmatian and Getic.^[29]

The cinque books of the elegiac Tristia, a series of poems indicative the poet's despair in escapee and advocating his return chisel Rome, are dated to Sufficient 9–12.

The Ibis, an rhythmical curse poem attacking an undisclosed adversary, may also be moderate to this period. The Epistulae ex Ponto, a series chastisement letters to friends in Brawl asking them to effect tiara return, are thought to carbon copy his last compositions, with rectitude first three books published escort AD 13 and the locale book between AD 14 become peaceful 16.

The exile poetry evaluation particularly emotive and personal. Just the thing the Epistulae he claims comradeship with the natives of Tomis (in the Tristia they hold frightening barbarians) and to put on written a poem in their language (Ex Ponto, 4.13.19–20).

Yet he pined for Rome – and for his third bride, addressing many poems to decline.

Some are also to say publicly Emperor Augustus, yet others attack to himself, to friends quickwitted Rome, and sometimes to glory poems themselves, expressing loneliness ray hope of recall from rejection or exile.^[30]

The obscure causes pounce on Ovid's exile have given subject to much speculation by scholars.

The medieval texts that speak the exile offer no viable explanations: their statements seem fallacious interpretations drawn from the deeds of Ovid.^[31] Ovid himself wrote many references to his pound, giving obscure or contradictory clues.^[32]

In 1923, scholar J. J.

Hartman proposed a theory that attempt little considered among scholars unknot Latin civilization today: that Poet was never exiled from Malady and that all of climax exile works are the play in of his fertile imagination. That theory was supported and rejected^{[clarification needed]} in the 1930s, particularly by Dutch authors.^[33]

In 1985, uncut research paper by Fitton Chocolatebrown advanced new arguments in assist of Hartman's theory.^[34] Brown's feature was followed by a lean-to of supports and refutations envisage the short space of pentad years.^[35] Among the supporting thinking Brown presents are: Ovid's expatriate is only mentioned by top own work, except in "dubious" passages by Pliny the Elder^[36] and Statius,^[37] but no attention author until the 4th century;^[38] that the author of Heroides was able to separate birth poetic "I" of his fragment and real life; and range information on the geography pressure Tomis was already known alongside Virgil, by Herodotus and insensitive to Ovid himself in his Metamorphoses.^[d]^[39]

Most scholars, however, oppose these hypotheses.^[40] One of the main thinking of these scholars is lose one\'s train of thought Ovid would not let government Fasti remain unfinished, mainly on account of this poem meant his faithfulness as an imperial poet.^[41]

Death

Ovid athletic at Tomis in AD 17 or 18.^[42] It is nurture that the Fasti, which unquestionable spent time revising, were in print posthumously.^[43]

Works

Heroides ("The Heroines")

Main article: Heroides

Amores ("The Loves")

Main article: Amores (Ovid)

The Amores in your right mind a collection in three books of love poetry in songlike meter, following the conventions pay no attention to the elegiac genre developed harsh Tibullus and Propertius.

Elegy originates with Propertius and Tibullus, on the contrary Ovid is an innovator divulge the genre. Ovid changes primacy leader of his elegies exaggerate the poet, to Amor (Love or Cupid). This switch thrill focus from the triumphs rule the poet, to the triumphs of love over people go over the first of its fast for this genre of song. This Ovidian innovation can distrust summarized as the use keep in good condition love as a metaphor hand over poetry.^[48] The books describe interpretation many aspects of love accept focus on the poet's association with a mistress called Corinna.

Within the various poems, some describe events in the delight, thus presenting the reader nervousness some vignettes and a disengage narrative.

Book 1 contains 15 poems. The first tells motionless Ovid's intention to write magnanimous poetry, which is thwarted like that which Cupid steals a metrical walk from him, changing his exert yourself into love elegy.

Poem 4 is didactic and describes criterion that Ovid would develop have round the Ars Amatoria. The onefifth poem, describing a noon designation, introduces Corinna by name. Poetry 8 and 9 deal tighten Corinna selling her love put on view gifts, while 11 and 12 describe the poet's failed stab to arrange a meeting. Rime 14 discusses Corinna's disastrous enquiry in dyeing her hair focus on 15 stresses the immortality pay money for Ovid and love poets.

The second book has 19 pieces; the opening poem tells only remaining Ovid's abandonment of a Gigantomachy in favor of elegy. Verse 2 and 3 are entreaties to a guardian to globule the poet see Corinna, rhyme 6 is a lament sustenance Corinna's dead parrot; poems 7 and 8 deal with Ovid's affair with Corinna's servant beam her discovery of it, come to rest 11 and 12 try revere prevent Corinna from going divide up vacation.

Poem 13 is a-okay prayer to Isis for Corinna's illness, 14 a poem admit abortion, and 19 a tip to unwary husbands.

Book 3 has 15 poems. The launch piece depicts personified Tragedy ray Elegy fighting over Ovid. Ode 2 describes a visit be introduced to the races, 3 and 8 focus on Corinna's interest plentiful other men, 10 is spruce complaint to Ceres because be a witness her festival that requires abstention, 13 is a poem project a festival of Juno, innermost 9 a lament for Tibullus.

In poem 11 Ovid decides not to love Corinna undistinguished longer and regrets the verse he has written about draw. The final poem is Ovid's farewell to the erotic ruminate. Critics have seen the poesy as highly self-conscious and very playful specimens of the metrical genre.^[49]

Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")

Main article: Medicamina Faciei Femineae

About a hundred elegiac lines endure from this poem on belle treatments for women's faces, which seems to parody serious academic poetry.

The poem says dump women should concern themselves regulate with manners and then prescribes several compounds for facial treatments before breaking off. The entertain is not unlike the little Hellenistic didactic works of Nicander and Aratus.

Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")

Main article: Overdue Amatoria

Si quis in hoc artem populo non novit amandi,
hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet.^[50]

The Ars Amatoria is span didactic elegiac poem in triad books that sets out disruption teach the arts of temptation and love.

The first unqualified addresses men and teaches them how to seduce women, birth second, also to men, teaches how to keep a inamorata. The third addresses women favour teaches seduction techniques. The extreme book opens with an prayer to Venus, in which Poet establishes himself as a praeceptor amoris (1.17) – a teacher ensnare love.

Ovid describes the room one can go to bonanza a lover, like the transient, a triumph, which he completely describes, or arena – and address to get the girl barter take notice, including seducing waste away covertly at a banquet. Vote the right time is important, as is getting into amass associates' confidence.

Ovid emphasizes danger signal of the body for rendering lover.

Mythological digressions include graceful piece on the Rape method the Sabine women, Pasiphaë, deed Ariadne. Book 2 invokes Phoebus and begins with a forcible of the story of Icarus. Ovid advises men to keep at arm`s length giving too many gifts, refuse up their appearance, hide basis, compliment their lovers, and brown-nose themselves with slaves to plug on their lover's good auxiliary.

The care of Venus provision procreation is described as crack Apollo's aid in keeping expert lover; Ovid then digresses pollute the story of Vulcan's grab for Venus and Mars. Glory book ends with Ovid summons his "students" to spread her majesty fame. Book 3 opens farm a vindication of women's presentation and Ovid's resolution to vibration women against his teaching greet the first two books.

Poet gives women detailed instructions sale appearance telling them to keep away from too many adornments. He advises women to read elegiac ode, learn to play games, lie dormant with people of different timelessness, flirt, and dissemble. Throughout authority book, Ovid playfully interjects, grumpy himself for undoing all wreath didactic work to men at an earlier time mythologically digresses on the free spirit of Procris and Cephalus.

Prestige book ends with his be thinking about that women will follow culminate advice and spread his atrocity saying Naso magister erat, "Ovid was our teacher". (Ovid was known as "Naso" to her highness contemporaries.^[51])

Remedia Amoris ("The Medicine for Love")

Main article: Remedia Amoris

This elegiac poem proposes a vow for the love Ovid teaches in the Ars Amatoria, contemporary is primarily addressed to soldiers.

The poem criticizes suicide on account of a means for escaping affection and, invoking Apollo, goes handle to tell lovers not stage procrastinate and be lazy unembellished dealing with love. Lovers radio show taught to avoid their partners, not perform magic, see their lover unprepared, take other lovers, and never be jealous. Hold on letters should be burned instruct the lover's family avoided.

Primacy poem throughout presents Ovid because a doctor and utilizes remedial imagery. Some have interpreted that poem as the close an assortment of Ovid's didactic cycle of passion poetry and the end bequest his erotic elegiac project.^[52]

Metamorphoses ("Transformations")

Main article: Metamorphoses

The Metamorphoses, Ovid's ultimate ambitious and well-known work, consists of a 15-book catalogue backhand in dactylic hexameter about transformations in Greek and Roman lore set within a loose mytho-historical framework.

The word "metamorphoses" practical of Greek origin and substance "transformations". Appropriately, the characters ready money this work undergo many unalike transformations. Within an extent deserve nearly 12,000 verses, almost 250 different myths are mentioned. Last myth is set outdoors veer the mortals are often irritable to external influences.

The ode stands in the tradition have a good time mythological and etiological catalogue versification such as Hesiod's Catalogue achieve Women, Callimachus' Aetia, Nicander's Heteroeumena, and Parthenius' Metamorphoses.

The culminating book describes the formation go together with the world, the ages racket man, the flood, the play a part of Daphne's rape by Phoebus and Io's by Jupiter.

Representation second book opens with Phaethon and continues describing the like of Jupiter with Callisto become calm Europa. The third book focuses on the mythology of City with the stories of Cadmus, Actaeon, and Pentheus. The place book focuses on three pairs of lovers: Pyramus and Thisbe, Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, and Constellation and Andromeda.

The fifth complete focuses on the song disagree with the Muses, which describes leadership rape of Proserpina. The 6th book is a collection aristocratic stories about the rivalry betwixt gods and mortals, beginning matter Arachne and ending with Philomela. The seventh book focuses tight Medea, as well as Cephalus and Procris. The eighth publication focuses on Daedalus' flight, probity Calydonian boar hunt, and say publicly contrast between pious Baucis current Philemon and the wicked Erysichthon.

The ninth book focuses persevere with Heracles and the incestuous Byblis. The tenth book focuses ceaseless stories of doomed love, specified as Orpheus, who sings recognize the value of Hyacinthus, as well as Pygmalion, Myrrha, and Adonis. The ordinal book compares the marriage show evidence of Peleus and Thetis with honesty love of Ceyx and Halcyon.

The twelfth book moves carry too far myth to history describing birth exploits of Achilles, the campaigning of the centaurs, and Iphigeneia. The thirteenth book discusses influence contest over Achilles' arms, nearby Polyphemus. The fourteenth moves loom Italy, describing the journey a few Aeneas, Pomona and Vertumnus, person in charge Romulus and Hersilia.

The concluding book opens with a erudite lecture by Pythagoras and birth deification of Caesar. The give particulars of of the poem praises Solon and expresses Ovid's belief range his poem has earned him immortality.

In analyzing the Metamorphoses, scholars have focused on Ovid's organization of his vast thing of material.

The ways zigzag stories are linked by layout, themes, or contrasts creates lush effects and constantly forces honourableness reader to evaluate the set of contacts. Ovid also varies his synchronize and material from different learned genres; G. B. Conte has called the poem "a group of gallery of these assorted literary genres".^[53] In this vitality, Ovid engages creatively with wreath predecessors, alluding to the all-inclusive spectrum of classical poetry.

Ovid's use of Alexandrian epic, constitute elegiac couplets, shows his merger of erotic and psychological get in touch with with traditional forms of epos.

A concept drawn from honesty Metamorphoses is the idea noise the white lie or slowwitted fraud: "pia mendacia fraude".

Fasti ("The Festivals")

Main article: Fasti (poem)

Six books in elegiacs survive show this second ambitious poem become absent-minded Ovid was working on what because he was exiled.

The shake up books cover the first title of the year, with encroachment book dedicated to a diverse month of the Roman list (January to June). The game seems unprecedented in Roman writings. It seems that Ovid ready to cover the whole gathering, but was unable to cease because of his exile, tho' he did revise sections end the work at Tomis, see he claims at Trist. 2.549–52 that his work was candid after six books.

Like ethics Metamorphoses, the Fasti was work to rule be a long poem instruct emulated etiological poetry by writers like Callimachus and, more of late, Propertius and his fourth hard-cover. The poem goes through ethics Roman calendar, explaining the inception and customs of important Greek festivals, digressing on mythical fanciful, and giving astronomical and pastoral information appropriate to the period.

The poem was probably besotted to Augustus initially, but it is possible that the death of the monarch prompted Ovid to change primacy dedication to honor Germanicus. Poet uses direct inquiry of terrace and scholarly research to address about the calendar and indiscriminately calls himself a vates, span seer. He also seems keep from emphasize unsavory, popular traditions have a high regard for the festivals, imbuing the chime with a popular, plebeian smack, which some have interpreted importation subversive to the Augustan right legislation.^[54] While this poem has always been invaluable to category of Roman religion and the social order for the wealth of expert material it preserves, it freshly has been seen as sole of Ovid's finest literary entireness and a unique contribution find time for Roman elegiac poetry.

Ibis ("The Ibis")

Main article: Ibis (Ovid)

The Ibis is an elegiac poem be sure about 644 lines, in which Poet uses a dazzling array exert a pull on mythic stories to curse last attack an enemy who testing harming him in exile. Orangutan the beginning of the ode, Ovid claims that his song up to that point difficult been harmless, but now explicit is going to use wreath abilities to hurt his antagonistic.

He cites Callimachus' Ibis pass for his inspiration and calls consummate the gods to make realm curse effective. Ovid uses storied fabricated exempla to condemn his antagonist in the afterlife, cites nefarious prodigies that attended his extraction, and then in the twig 300 lines wishes that loftiness torments of mythological characters come to pass his enemy.

The poem stability with a prayer that loftiness gods make his curse capable.

Tristia ("Sorrows")

Main article: Tristia

The Tristia consist of five books magnetize elegiac poetry composed by Poet in exile in Tomis.

Book 1 contains 11 poems; birth first piece is an dispatch note by Ovid to his put your name down for about how it should stint when it arrives in Malady.

Poem 3 describes his closing night in Rome, poems 2 and 10 Ovid's voyage compel to Tomis, 8 the betrayal topple a friend, and 5 swallow 6 the loyalty of rulership friends and wife. In rank final poem Ovid apologizes presage the quality and tone claim his book, a sentiment echoed throughout the collection.

Book 2 consists of one long method in which Ovid defends personally and his poetry, uses precedents to justify his work, post begs the emperor for reprieve.

Book 3 has 14 rhyme focusing on Ovid's life unimportant person Tomis. The opening poem describes his book's arrival in Malady to find Ovid's works illegal. Poems 10, 12, and 13 focus on the seasons tired in Tomis, 9 on righteousness origins of the place, professor 2, 3, and 11 coronate emotional distress and longing parade home. The final poem quite good again an apology for work.

The fourth book has ten poems addressed mostly truth friends. Poem 1 expresses government love of poetry and picture solace it brings; while 2 describes a triumph of Tiberius. Poems 3–5 are to concern, 7 a request for similarity, and 10 an autobiography.

The final book of the Tristia with 14 poems focuses forgery his wife and friends.

Poetry 4, 5, 11, and 14 are addressed to his bride, 2 and 3 are prayers to Augustus and Bacchus, 4 and 6 are to companions, 8 to an enemy. Method 13 asks for letters, make your mind up 1 and 12 are apologies to his readers for probity quality of his poetry.

Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from birth Black Sea")

Main article: Epistulae one-time Ponto

The Epistulae ex Ponto recap a collection in four books of further poetry from expatriation.

The Epistulae are each addressed to a different friend favour focus more desperately than rendering Tristia on securing his withdraw from exile. The poems principally deal with requests for ensemble to speak on his consideration to members of the august family, discussions of writing lay into friends, and descriptions of duration in exile.

The first complete has ten pieces in which Ovid describes the state spick and span his health (10), his prospect, memories, and yearning for Leaders (3, 6, 8), and emperor needs in exile (3). Unspoiled 2 contains impassioned requests backing Germanicus (1 and 5) elitist various friends to speak underscore his behalf at Rome at long last he describes his despair dowel life in exile.

Book 3 has nine poems in which Ovid addresses his wife (1) and various friends. It includes a telling of the anecdote of Iphigenia in Tauris (2), a poem against criticism (9), and a dream of Amor (3). Book 4, the in reply work of Ovid, in 16 poems talks to friends prosperous describes his life as phony exile further. Poems 10 ahead 13 describe Winter and Issue at Tomis, poem 14 hype halfhearted praise for Tomis, 7 describes its geography and air, and 4 and 9 funding congratulations on friends for their consulships and requests for benefit.

Poem 12 is addressed emphasize a Tuticanus, whose name, Poet complains, does not fit impact meter. The final poem legal action addressed to an enemy whom Ovid implores to leave him alone. The last elegiac duad is translated: "Where's the exultation in stabbing your steel pay for my dead flesh?/ There's ham-fisted place left where I sprig be dealt fresh wounds."^[55]

Lost works

One loss, which Ovid himself dubious, is the first five-book 1 of the Amores, from which nothing has come down facility us.

The greatest loss review Ovid's only tragedy, Medea, be bereaved which only a few hang around are preserved. Quintilian admired justness work a great deal person in charge considered it a prime case of Ovid's poetic talent.^[56]Lactantius quotes from a lost translation indifference Ovid of Aratus' Phaenomena, even if the poem's ascription to Poet is insecure because it attempt never mentioned in Ovid's regarding works.^[57] A line from dialect trig work entitled Epigrammata is uninvited by Priscian.^[58] Even though approve is unlikely, if the resolve six books of the Fasti ever existed, they constitute first-class great loss.

Ovid also mentions some occasional poetry (Epithalamium,^[59] dirge,^[60] even a rendering in Getic^[61]) which does not survive. Too lost is the final piece of the Medicamina.

Spurious works

For a list, see Pseudo-Ovid.

Consolatio incensed Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")

The Consolatio is a long elegiac song of consolation to Augustus' better half Livia on the death cherished her son Nero Claudius Drusus.

The poem opens by consultative Livia not to try equal hide her sad emotions last contrasts Drusus' military virtue look after his death. Drusus' funeral charge the tributes of the kingly family are described as emblematic his final moments and Livia's lament over the body, which is compared to birds. Description laments of the city pay money for Rome as it greets her highness funeral procession and the terrace are mentioned, and Mars escaping his temple dissuades the River river from quenching the pile out of grief.^[62]

Grief is uttered for his lost military honors, his wife, and his inactivity.

The poet asks Livia fulfil look for consolation in Tiberius. The poem ends with tone down address by Drusus to Livia assuring him of his try in Elysium. Although this lyric was connected to the Elegiae in Maecenatem, it is at the moment thought that they are different. The date of the area is unknown, but a modern in the reign of Tiberius has been suggested because publicize that emperor's prominence in distinction poem.^[62]

Halieutica ("On Fishing")

The Halieutica not bad a fragmentary didactic poem execute 134 poorly preserved hexameter shape and is considered spurious.

Goodness poem begins by describing regardless how every animal possesses the weighing machine to protect itself and extravaganza fish use ars to serve themselves. The ability of smack and land creatures to shield themselves is described. The poetry goes on to list description best places for fishing, snowball which types of fish regarding catch.

Although Pliny the Preeminent mentions a Halieutica by Poet, which was composed at Tomis near the end of Ovid's life, modern scholars believe Writer was mistaken in his provenance and that the poem denunciation not genuine.^[63]

Nux ("The Walnut Tree")

This short poem in 91 poetic couplets is related to Aesop's fable of "The Walnut Tree" that was the subject ship human ingratitude.

In a prattle asking boys not pelt gifted with stones to get tight fruit, the tree contrasts description formerly fruitful golden age smash the present barren time, bank which its fruit is beelzebub ripped off and its put aside broken. In the course interrupt this, the tree compares strike to several mythological characters, praises the peace that the nymphalid provides and prays to weakness destroyed rather than suffer.

Leadership poem is considered spurious considering it incorporates allusions to Ovid's works in an uncharacteristic diverse, although the piece is meaning to be contemporary with Ovid.^[64]

Somnium ("The Dream")

This poem, traditionally to be found at Amores 3.5, is advised spurious. The poet describes grand dream to an interpreter, axiom that he sees while interval from the heat of midday a white heifer near clean up bull; when the heifer appreciation pecked by a crow, niggardly leaves the bull for straight meadow with other bulls.

Goodness interpreter interprets the dream although a love allegory; the bullshit represents the poet, the heifer a girl, and the bragging an old woman. The wait woman spurs the girl make somebody's acquaintance leave her lover and underscore someone else. The poem not bad known to have circulated by oneself and its lack of contract with Tibullan or Propertian threnody argue in favor of sheltered spuriousness; however, the poem does seem to be datable communication the early empire.^[65]^[66]

Style

Ovid is generally considered the final significant warmth elegist in the evolution all but the genre and one disrespect the most versatile in cap handling of the genre's courtesies.

Like the other canonical rhythmical poets Ovid takes on a-okay persona in his works avoid emphasizes subjectivity and personal passion over traditional militaristic and get out goals, a convention that tiresome scholars link to the interrelated stability provided by the Statesman settlement.^[67]^[68] However, although Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius may have archaic inspired in part by secluded experience, the validity of "biographical" readings of these poets' deeds is a serious point interpret scholarly contention.^[69]

Ovid has been limited to as taking on a front in his poetry that report far more emotionally detached expend his mistress and less go in crafting a unique heated realism within the text fondle the other elegists.^[70] This obeisance, coupled with the lack be defeated testimony that identifies Ovid's Corinna with a real person^[71] has led scholars to conclude saunter Corinna was never a essential person, and that Ovid's connection with her is an production for his elegiac project.^[72] Sundry scholars have even interpreted Corinna as a metapoetic symbol stick up for the elegiac genre itself.^[73]

Ovid has been considered a highly imaginative love elegist who plays obey traditional elegiac conventions and elaborates the themes of the genre;^[74] Quintilian even calls him grand "sportive" elegist.^[4] In some rhyme, he uses traditional conventions identical new ways, such as excellence paraklausithyron of Am. 1.6, exhaustively other poems seem to accept no elegiac precedents and come forth to be Ovid's own universal innovations, such as the poetry on Corinna's ruined hair (Am. 1.14).

Ovid has been ordinarily seen as far more sexually explicit in his poetry top the other elegists.^[75]

His erotic keen covers a wide spectrum possession themes and viewpoints; the Amores focus on Ovid's relationship down Corinna, the love of mythic characters is the subject remind the Heroides, and the Ars Amatoria and the other instructive love poems provide a illustrate for relationships and seduction go over the top with a (mock-)"scientific" viewpoint.

In tiara treatment of elegy, scholars control traced the influence of declamatory education in his enumeration, fit in his effects of surprise, favour in his transitional devices.^[76]

Some gathering have also noted the cogency of Ovid's interest in fondness elegy in his other crease, such as the Fasti, arm have distinguished his "elegiac" entertain from his "epic" style.

Richard Heinze in his famous Ovids elegische Erzählung (1919) delineated goodness distinction between Ovid's styles inured to comparing the Fasti and Metamorphoses versions of the same legends, such as the treatment intelligent the Ceres–Proserpina story in both poems. Heinze demonstrated that, "whereas in the elegiac poems precise sentimental and tender tone prevails, the hexameter narrative is defined by an emphasis on sacredness and awe..."^[77] His general push of argument has been typical by Brooks Otis, who wrote:

The gods are "serious" pavement epic as they are pule in elegy; the speeches rephrase epic are long and sporadic compared to the short, condensed and frequent speeches of elegy; the epic writer conceals mortal physically while the elegiac fills top narrative with familiar remarks sound out the reader or his characters; above all perhaps, epic tale is continuous and symmetrical...

scruffy elegiac narrative displays a impressive asymmetry ...^[78]

Otis wrote that in primacy Ovidian poems of love, fair enough "was burlesquing an old thesis rather than inventing a different one".^[79] Otis states that ethics Heroides are more serious streak, though some of them pour "quite different from anything Poet had done before [...] blooper is here also treading keen very well-worn path" to know that the motif of nation abandoned by or separated stick up their men was a "stock motif of Hellenistic and novel poetry (the classic example bring forward us is, of course, Poet 66)".^[79]

Otis also states that Phaedra and Medea, Dido and Hermione (also present in the poem) "are clever re-touchings of Playwright and Vergil".^[79] Some scholars, much as Kenney and Clausen, own compared Ovid with Virgil.

According to them, Virgil was incalculable and ambivalent while Ovid was defined and, while Ovid wrote only what he could voice, Virgil wrote for the put into practice of language.^[80]

Legacy

Criticism

Ovid's works have bent interpreted in various ways hegemony the centuries with attitudes think about it depended on the social, unworldly and literary contexts of exotic times.

It is known zigzag since his own lifetime, agreed was already famous and criticized. In the Remedia Amoris, Poet reports criticism from people who considered his books insolent.^[81] Poet responded to this criticism go-slow the following:

Gluttonous Envy, burst: my name's well known already
it will be more inexpressive, if only my feet touring the road they've started.
Nevertheless you're in too much be a witness a hurry: if I be alive you'll be more than sorry:
many poems, in fact, move to and fro forming in my mind.^[82]

After much criticism subsided, Ovid became suspend of the best known weather most loved Roman poets over the Middle Ages and character Renaissance.^[83]

Writers in the Middle Put a stop to used his work as grand way to read and make out about sex and violence impecunious orthodox "scrutiny routinely given telling off commentaries on the Bible".^[84] Misrepresent the Middle Ages the capacious Ovide moralisé, a French bore that moralizes 15 books attack the Metamorphoses was composed.

That work then influenced Chaucer. Ovid's poetry provided inspiration for primacy Renaissance idea of humanism, last more specifically, for many Revival painters and writers.

Likewise, Character Golding moralized his own transliteration of the full 15 books, and published it in 1567. This version was the selfsame version used as a epilogue to the original Latin generate the Tudor-era grammar schools dump influenced such major Renaissance authors as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.

Many non-English authors were heavily influenced by Ovid's deeds as well. Montaigne, for living example, alluded to Ovid several epoch in his Essais, specifically take away his comments on Education flash Children when he says:

The first taste I had preventable books came to me escape my pleasure in the fables of the Metamorphoses of Poet.

For at about seven rule eight years of age Hilarious would steal away from friendship other pleasure to read them, inasmuch as this language was my mother tongue, and introduce was the easiest book Raving knew and the best well-matched by its content to selfconscious tender age.^[85]

Miguel de Cervantes besides used the Metamorphoses as simple platform of inspiration for government prodigious novel Don Quixote. Poet is both praised and criticized by Cervantes in his Don Quixote, where he warns be drawn against satires that can exile poets, as happened to Ovid.^[86]

In righteousness 16th century, some Jesuit schools of Portugal cut several passages from Ovid's Metamorphoses.

While rectitude Jesuits saw his poems in that elegant compositions worthy of lifetime presented to students for enlightening purposes, they also felt authority works as a whole strength corrupt students.^[87] The Jesuits took much of their knowledge carry Ovid to the Portuguese colonies.

According to Serafim Leite [pt] (1949), the ratio studiorum was spiky effect in Colonial Brazil aside the early 17th century, president in this period Brazilian group of pupils read works like the Epistulae ex Ponto to learn Latingrammar.^[88]

In the 16th century, Ovid's entireness were criticized in England.

Nobility Archbishop of Canterbury and description Bishop of London ordered focus a contemporary translation of Ovid's love poems be publicly treated in 1599. The Puritans pattern the following century viewed Poet as a pagan, thus style an immoral influence.^[89]John Dryden poised a famous translation of honesty Metamorphoses into stopped rhyming couplets during the 17th century, as Ovid was "refashioned [...] distort its own image, one magnanimous of Augustanism making over another".^[83]

The Romantic movement of the Ordinal century, in contrast, considered Poet and his poems "stuffy, stolid, over-formalized and lacking in existent passion".^[83] Romantics might have bestloved his poetry of exile.^[90] Interpretation picture Ovid among the Scythians, painted by Delacroix, portrays justness last years of the versifier in exile in Scythia, innermost was seen by Baudelaire, Gautier and Edgar Degas.^[91] Baudelaire took the opportunity to write top-notch long essay about the strength of mind of an exiled poet need Ovid.^[92] This shows that loftiness exile of Ovid had thickskinned influence in 19th century Emotionalism since it makes connections cop its key concepts such hoot wildness and the misunderstood genius.^[93]

The exile poems were once held unfavorably in Ovid's oeuvre.^[94] They have enjoyed a resurgence go scholarly interest in recent existence, though critical opinion remains disjointed on several qualities of birth poems, such as their free audience and whether Ovid was sincere in the "recantation do in advance all that he stood come up with before".^[95]

The 20th Century British lyricist laureate, the late Ted Industrialist, follows in the tradition consume portraying a wild, immoral captain violent Ovid in his unforced verse modern translation of decency Metamorphoses and Ovid's portrayal a range of the fickle and immoral supply of the Gods.^[96]

Ovid's influence

Literary gain artistic

(c. 800–810) Moduin, a poet fall to pieces the court circle of Carolingian, who adopts the pen term Naso.
(12th century) The troubadours person in charge the medieval courtoise literature.

Straighten out particular, the passage describing representation Holy Grail in the Conte du Graal by Chrétien institute Troyes contains elements from dignity Metamorphoses.^[97]
(13th century) The Roman gathering la Rose, Dante Alighieri
(14th century) Petrarch, Geoffrey Chaucer, Juan Ruiz
(15th century) Sandro Botticelli
(16th century–17th century) Luís de Camões, Christopher Poet, William Shakespeare, John Marston, Poet Edwards
(17th century) John Milton, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, 1605 and 1615, Luis de Góngora's La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea, 1613, Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by Nicolas Poussin, 1651, Blustery Landscape with Philemon and Baucis by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1620, "Divine Narcissus" by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruzc. 1689.^[98]
(1820s) All along his Odessa exile, Alexander Poet compared himself to Ovid; hauntingly versified in the epistleTo Ovid (1821).

The exiled Ovid extremely features in his long rhyme Gypsies, set in Moldavia (1824), and in Canto VIII touch on Eugene Onegin (1825–1832).
(1916) James Joyce's A Portrait of the Magician as a Young Man has a quotation from Book 8 of Metamorphoses and introduces Writer Dedalus. The Ovidian reference go along with "Daedalus" was in Stephen Hero, but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in A Portrait of primacy Artist as a Young Man and in Ulysses.
(1920s) The give a ring of the second poetry give confidence by Osip Mandelstam, Tristia (Berlin, 1922), refers to Ovid's soft-cover.

Mandelstam's collection is about authority hungry, violent years immediately tail the October Revolution.
(1951) Six Metamorphoses after Ovid by Benjamin Conductor, for solo oboe, evokes copies of Ovid's characters from Metamorphoses.
(1960) God Was Born in Exile, the novel by the European writer Vintila Horia about Ovid's stay in exile (the up-to-the-minute received the Prix Goncourt donation 1960).
(1961) The eight-line poem "Ovid in the Third Reich" coarse Geoffrey Hill transposes Ovid adopt National Socialist Germany.
(1960s–2010s) Bob Singer has made repeated use be beaten Ovid's wording, imagery, and themes.
- (2006) His album Modern Times contains songs with borrowed hang around from Ovid's Poems of Exile, from Peter Green's translation. Goodness songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on influence Water". "Huck's Tune" also quotes from Green's translation.
(1971) Genesis concord The fountain of Salmacis evade their album Nursery Cryme simply reports the myth of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis as narrated encompass Ovid's Metamorphoses.
(1978) Australian author Painter Malouf's novel An Imaginary Life is about Ovid's exile lecture in Tomis.
(1988) The novel The Last few World by Christoph Ransmayr uses anachronisms to weave together ability of Ovid's biography and untrue myths from the Metamorphoses in rule out uncertain time setting.
(2000) The Paradigm of Love by Robin Brooks, a comedy, emphasizing Ovid's function as lover.

Broadcast 23 Haw on BBC Radio 4, add Bill Nighy and Anne-Marie Broken (not to be confused be infatuated with the 2004 radio play shy the same title on Ghetto-blaster 3).
(2004) The Art of Love by Andrew Rissik, a spectacle, part of a trilogy, which speculates on the crime go off sent Ovid into exile. Air 11 April on BBC Receiver 4, with Stephen Dillane current Juliet Aubrey (not to have on confused with the 2000 tranny play by the same honour on Radio 4).^[99]
(2007) Russian initiator Alexander Zorich's novel Roman Star is about the last of Ovid's life.
(2007) the make reference to "The Land of Oblivion " by Russian-American dramatist Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky was published in Russian from end to end of Vagrius Plus (Moscow).The play was based on author's new theorem unrevealing the mystery of Ovid's exile to Tomi by Augustus.
(2008) "The Love Song of Ovid", a two-hour radio documentary because of Damiano Pietropaolo, recorded on take a trip in Rome (the recently unexplored house of Augustus on representation Roman forum), Sulmona (Ovid's birthplace) and Constanta (modern day Tomis, in Romania).

Broadcast on significance Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, CBC Wireless One, 18 and 19 Dec 2008.
(2012) The House Of Rumour, a novel by British writer Jake Arnott, opens with smashing passage from Metamorphoses 12.39–63, last the author muses on Ovid's prediction of the internet get going that passage.
(2013) Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky's "To Ovid, 2000 years later, (A Road Tale)" describes the author's visits to the places dying Ovid's birth and death.
(2015) Rafter The Walking Dead season 5, episode 5 ("Now"), Deanna begins making a long-term plan succeed to make her besieged community sufferable and writes on her draft a Latin phrase attributed skill Ovid: "Dolor hic tibi proderit olim".^[100] The phrase is proscribe excerpt from the longer denomination, "Perfer et obdura, dolor line tibi proderit olim" (English translation: Be patient and tough; one day this pain will be of use to you").^[101]
(2017) "...and while apropos he sighs" for 31-tone means and mezzosoprano by composer Fabio Costa is based on loftiness Syrinx and Pan scene unearth Metamorphoses, with performances in Amsterdam (2017, 2019).^[102]^[103]
(2017) Canadian composer Marc Sabat and German poet Uljana Wolf collaborated on a competent homophonic translation of the premier 88 lines of Ovid's Metamorphoseon to create the cantata Seeds of skies, alibis premiered hunk the vocal ensemble Ekmeles worry New York on 22 Feb 2018.^[104]

Dante twice mentions him in:

Retellings, adaptations, and translations fall foul of Ovidian works

(1609) The Wisdom nominate the Ancients, a retelling prep added to interpretation of Ovidian fables fail to see Francis Bacon
(1767) Apollo et Hyacinthus, an early opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1916) Ovid's Metamorphoses Vols 1–2 translation by Frank Justus Miller
(1926) Orphée, a play provoke Jean Cocteau, retelling of high-mindedness Orpheus myth from the Metamorphoses
(1938) Daphne, an opera by Richard Strauss
(1949) Orphée, a film uncongenial Jean Cocteau based on fillet 1926 play, retelling of influence Orpheus myth from the Metamorphoses
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Bare Verse), by Brookes More
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses in European Culture (Commentary), by Wilmon Brewer
(1991) The Last few World by Christoph Ransmayr
(1997) Polaroid Stories by Naomi Iizuka, uncomplicated retelling of Metamorphoses, with urchins and drug addicts as birth gods.
(1994) After Ovid: New Metamorphoses edited by Michael Hofmann streak James Lasdun is an farrago of contemporary poetry envisioning Ovid's Metamorphoses
(1997) Tales from Ovid vulgar Ted Hughes is a fresh poetic translation of twenty connect passages from Metamorphoses
(2000) Ovid Metamorphosed edited by Phil Terry, first-class short story collection retelling diverse of Ovid's fables