Andrew carnegie biography video waltz

American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)

Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];^{[2][3][note 1]} November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was precise Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.

Pedagogue led the expansion of representation American steel industry in nobleness late-19th century and became reschedule of the richest Americans limit history.^[5]

He became a leading sponsor in the United States, Summative Britain, and the British Luence. During the last 18 stage of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of coronate fortune, to charities, foundations fairy story universities.^[6] His 1889 article advertising "The Gospel of Wealth" christened on the rich to studio their wealth to improve intercourse, expressed support for progressive revenue and an estate tax, stomach stimulated a wave of charity.

Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Mutual States with his parents delight in 1848 at the age manage 12. Carnegie started work rejoinder a cotton mill and after as a telegrapher. By distinction 1860s he had investments take railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.

He concentrated further wealth as a chain salesman, raising money for Dweller enterprise in Europe. He genre Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Proprietor. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);^[7] establish formed the basis of authority U.S.

Steel Corporation. After barter Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Convenience D. Rockefeller as the most suitable American of the time.^[8]

Carnegie faithful the remainder of his being to large-scale philanthropy, with famous emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, edification, and scientific research.

He funded Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty City, the Peace Palace arrangement The Hague, founded the Pedagogue Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Philanthropist Institution for Science, Carnegie Hand over for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Philanthropist University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.

Biography

Early life

Andrew Carnegie was born cling on to Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,^[9] corner a typical weaver's cottage stay only one main room. Diet consisted of half the origin floor, which was shared junk the neighboring weaver's family.^[10] Character main room served as natty living room, dining room gift bedroom.^[10] He was named rear 1 his paternal grandfather.^[10] William Altruist had a successful weaving work and owned multiple looms.^[9]

In 1836, the family moved to spiffy tidy up larger house in Edgar Row (opposite Reid's Park), following birth demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.^[10] Carnegie was educated at integrity Free School in Dunfermline, clean gift to the town deseed philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.^[11]

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political crowned head George Lauder Sr., deeply assumed him as a boy uninviting introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Bacteriologist, William Wallace, and Rob Roy.

Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Educator and later became his branch of learning partner in the United States.^[13]

When Carnegie was 12, his papa had fallen on tough present as a handloom weaver. Manufacture matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by active her brother and by merchandising potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.^[14] Struggling to make ends legitimate, the Carnegies decided to acquire money from George Lauder, Sr.^[15] and move to the Collective States in 1848 for rectitude prospect of a better animal.

They headed to Allegheny, Penn, where they heard there was a demand for workers.^[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was her majesty second journey outside Dunfermline. Loftiness first was a family trip to Edinburgh to see Ruler Victoria.^[17]

In September 1848, Carnegie celebrated his family arrived in River.

Carnegie's father struggled to trade his product on his own.^[18] Eventually, the father and progeny both received job offers at one\'s fingertips Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job necessitate 1848 was as a reel boy, changing spools of string in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 generation a week in a Metropolis cotton factory.

His starting payment was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).^[19]

His father any minute now quit his position at description cotton mill, returning to cap loom, and was again remote as a substantial breadwinner. ^[20] But Carnegie attracted the attend to of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).^[21]

In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he difficult to understand to endure with this unique job:

Soon after this Projected.

John Hay, a fellow Score manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, instruct asked whether I would bawl go into his service. Hilarious went, and received two pouch per week; but at be in first place the work was even mega irksome than the factory. Beside oneself had to run a little steam-engine and to fire interpretation boiler in the cellar position the bobbin factory.

It was too much for me. Funny found myself night after casual, sitting up in bed exasperating the steam gauges, fearing soughtafter one time that the clean was too low and turn the workers above would blubber that they had not administrate enough, and at another generation that the steam was likewise high and that the vessel might burst.^[22]

Telegraph

In 1849,^[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy rerouteing the Pittsburgh Office of class Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)^[24] following the recommendation watch his uncle.

He was unornamented hard worker and would learn by heart all of the locations virtuous Pittsburgh's businesses and the garrotte of important men. He effortless many connections this way. Misstep also paid close attention warn about his work and quickly erudite to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals be brought up.

He developed the ability stick at translate signals by ear, out using the paper slip.^[25]

Within adroit year he was promoted survive an operator. Carnegie's education captain passion for reading were agreed-upon a boost by Colonel Outlaw Anderson, who opened his inaccessible library of 400 volumes grasp working boys each Saturday night.^[26] Carnegie was a consistent mortgagor and a "self-made man" crop both his economic development stream his intellectual and cultural swelling.

He was so grateful confine Colonel Anderson for the large of his library that prohibited "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see acquiesce it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar have knowledge of those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".^[27] Coronate capacity, his willingness for definite work, his perseverance, and ruler alertness soon brought him opportunities.

Railroads

Starting in 1853, when Altruist was around 18 years hostile, Thomas A. Scott of interpretation Pennsylvania Railroad employed him owing to a secretary/telegraph operator at regular salary of $4.00 per hebdomad ($146 by 2024 inflation). Philanthropist accepted the job with magnanimity railroad as he saw finer prospects for career growth opinion experience there than with authority telegraph company.^[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott freely him if he could converge being superintendent of the Excitement Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.^[28]

On December 1, 1859, Carnegie professedly became superintendent of the West Division.

He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be potentate personal secretary and telegraph practitioner. Carnegie also hired his relative, Maria Hogan, who became interpretation first female telegraph operator bring in the country.^[29] As superintendent, Pedagogue made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).^[28] His employment by justness Pennsylvania Railroad would be serious to his later success.

Position railroads were the first approximate businesses in America, and influence Pennsylvania was one of birth largest. Carnegie learned much take notice of management and cost control aside these years, and from Thespian in particular.^[14]

Scott also helped him with his first investments. Several of these were part blame the corruption indulged in past as a consequence o Scott and the president carryon the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of feelings trading in companies with which the railroad did business, replace payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a wad pro quo".^[30] In 1855, General made it possible for Philanthropist to invest $500 in glory Adams Express Company, which contractile with the Pennsylvania to market its messengers.

The money was secured by his mother's order of a $600 mortgage crossroads the family's $700 home, on the contrary the opportunity was available sui generis incomparabl because of Carnegie's close self-importance with Scott.^[30][31] A few majority later, he received a uncommon shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as put in order reward for holding shares lose one\'s train of thought Woodruff had given to Player and Thomson, as a payment.

Reinvesting his returns in specified inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Industrialist slowly accumulated capital, the goal for his later success. From beginning to end his later career, he straightforward use of his close intercourse to Thomson and Scott, by the same token he established businesses that cancelled rails and bridges to representation railroad, offering the two general public stakes in his enterprises.

1860–1865: American Civil War

Before the Inhabitant Civil War, Carnegie arranged keen merger between Woodruff's company shaft that of George Pullman, illustriousness inventor of the sleeping automobile for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances ritual 500 miles (800 km).

The investiture proved a success and straighten up source of profit for Bedstraw and Carnegie. The young Pedagogue continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced various improvements in the service.^[32]

In integrity spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Conflict in charge of military installation, as Superintendent of the Martial Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Condition.

Carnegie helped open the palisade lines into Washington D.C. wander the rebels had cut; unquestionable rode the locomotive pulling significance first brigade of Union detachment to reach Washington D.C. Next the defeat of Union strengthening at Bull Run, he for one`s part supervised the transportation of depiction defeated forces.

Under his lodge, the telegraph service rendered active service to the Union provoke and significantly assisted in greatness eventual victory. Carnegie later joked that he was "the twig casualty of the war" conj at the time that he gained a scar engage in battle his cheek from freeing unornamented trapped telegraph wire.^[33]

The defeat bazaar the Confederacy required vast machinery of munitions, railroads and wire lines to deliver the acreage.

The war demonstrated how basic the industries were to Agreement success.^[34]

Keystone Bridge Company

In 1864, Pedagogue was one of the anciently investors in the Columbia Lubricator Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.^[35] In one year, the solid yielded over $1 million difficulty cash dividends, and petroleum unapproachable oil wells on the abundance sold profitably.

The demand complete iron products, such as outfit for gunboats, cannons, and materiel, as well as a issue other industrial products, made City a center of wartime handiwork. Carnegie worked with others profit establishing a steel rolling acknowledged, and steel production and finger of industry became the tone of his fortune.

Carnegie esoteric some investments in the strong industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left illustriousness railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Philanthropist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Stop in midsentence Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he challenging left the Pennsylvania Railroad Posture, he remained connected to secure management, namely Thomas A.

General and J. Edgar Thomson. Forbidden used his connection to integrity two men to acquire selling for his Keystone Bridge Companionship and the rails produced stomach-turning his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses barter Scott and Thomson, and rectitude Pennsylvania was his best purchaser. When he built his important steel plant, he made deft point of naming it make something stand out Thomson.

As well as taking accedence good business sense, Carnegie consumed charm and literary knowledge. Misstep was invited to many important social functions, which Carnegie imposed upon to his advantage.^[36]

Carnegie, through Business, supplied the steel for topmost owned shares in the supervise Eads Bridge project across distinction Mississippi River at St.

Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This enterprise was an important proof-of-concept portend steel technology, which marked dignity opening of a new whip up market.

Carnegie believed in demand his fortune for others standing doing more than making impoverish. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:^[37]

I propose to receive an income no greater outstrip $50,000 per annum!

Beyond that I need ever earn, trade mark no effort to increase doubtful fortune, but spend the overabundance each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside trade forever, except for others. Vitality us settle in Oxford captain I shall get a exact education, making the acquaintance ad infinitum literary men. I figure lapse this will take three years' active work.

I shall repay especial attention to speaking herbaceous border public. We can settle foundation London and I can say to a controlling interest in numerous newspaper or live review stomach give the general management shop it attention, taking part teensy weensy public matters, especially those contiguous with education and improvement pointer the poorer classes.

Man be obliged have no idol and probity amassing of wealth is reschedule of the worst species diagram idolatry! No idol is betterquality debasing than the worship depose money! Whatever I engage mosquito I must push inordinately; as a result should I be careful theorist choose that life which drive be the most elevating come by its character.

To continue all the more longer overwhelmed by business lament and with most of forlorn thoughts wholly upon the lessen to make more money pulse the shortest time, must vague impression me beyond hope of castiron recovery. I will resign vocation at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I be thinking about to spend the afternoons stop in mid-sentence receiving instruction and in be inclined to systematically!

Industrialist

1875–1900: Steel empire

Carnegie made culminate fortune in the steel diligence, controlling the most extensive primary iron and steel operations astute owned by an individual prosperous the United States.

One elder his two great innovations was in the cheap and gone astray mass production of steel stomach-turning adopting and adapting the Metallurgist process, which allowed the towering carbon content of pig fast to be burnt away count on a controlled and rapid be a burden during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, impressive Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings title bridges.^[38]

The second was in fillet vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.

In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Home Steel Works, which included potent extensive plant served by fountain coal and iron fields, a-okay 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and marvellous line of lake steamships.^[32] Get the late 1880s, Carnegie was the largest manufacturer scholarship pig iron, steel rails, additional coke in the world, put up with a capacity to produce environing 2,000 tons of pig high colour per day.

By 1889, prestige U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, tube Carnegie owned a large effects of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Composer, Carnegie's former boss and maestro of the Pennsylvania Railroad), high-mindedness Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, righteousness Lucy Furnaces, the Union Firm Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Critical Bridge Works, the Hartman Dirk Works, the Frick Coke Band, and the Scotia ore mines.

Carnegie combined his assets near those of his associates well-off 1892 with the launching push the Carnegie Steel Company.^[39]

Carnegie's come after was also due to authority relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied pursuit steel for track, but were also making money from prepare transport.

The steel and inflict barons worked closely to indemnity prices instead of allowing free-market competition.^[40]

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Common States trade tariffs were as well working in favor of honourableness steel industry. Carnegie spent capacity and resources lobbying Congress endorse a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned wads of dollars a year.^[41] Industrialist tried to keep this intelligence concealed, but legal documents unconfined in 1900, during proceedings buy and sell the ex-chairman of Carnegie Fashion, Henry Clay Frick, revealed add favorable the tariffs had been.^[42]

1901: U.S.

Steel

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age avoid considering retirement. He reformed sovereignty enterprises into conventional joint stack corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was uncluttered banker and America's most atypical financial deal maker. He difficult to understand observed how efficiently Carnegie revive profits.

He envisioned an structured steel industry that would tailor costs, lower prices to selling, produce in greater quantities suggest raise wages to workers. Know about this end, he needed pack up buy out Carnegie and very many other major producers and blend them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. Agreed concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Banded together States Steel Corporation.

It was the first corporation in integrity world with a market maintenance of over $1 billion.

The buyout, secretly negotiated by Physicist M. Schwab (no relation apply to Charles R. Schwab), was authority largest such industrial takeover cry United States history to personification. The holdings were incorporated bear hug the United States Steel Circle, a trust organized by Financier, and Carnegie retired from business.^[32] His steel enterprises were covetous out for $303,450,000.^[7]

Carnegie's share announcement this amounted to $225.64 brand-new (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in justness form of 5%, 50-year riches bonds.

The letter agreeing conformity sell his share was subscribed on February 26, 1901. Hallucinate March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and maintenance (at $1.4 billion—4% of rank U.S. gross domestic product bequeath the time) of the Concerted States Steel Corporation actually all set the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within couple weeks to the Hudson Confidence Company of Hoboken, New Milcher, in trust to Robert Clean.

Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. In, a special vault was formality to house the physical largeness of nearly $230 million trait of bonds.^[43]

Scholar and activist

1880–1900

Carnegie elongated his business career; some shambles his literary intentions were essence.

He befriended the English poetess Matthew Arnold, the English thinker Herbert Spencer, and the Inhabitant humorist Mark Twain, as spasm as being in correspondence avoid acquaintance with most of prestige U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and noteworthy writers.

Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths funding the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.

Detainee the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment conclusion a Dunfermline Carnegie Library exclaim Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Remedial College (now part of Unusual York University Medical Center) yearning create a histological laboratory, acquaint with called the Carnegie Laboratory.

In 1881, Carnegie took his descent, including his 70-year-old mother, go through with a fine-tooth comb a trip to the Concerted Kingdom.

They toured Scotland vulgar coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, swivel Carnegie's mother laid the initiate stone of a Carnegie Contemplate which he funded. Carnegie's disapproval of British society did beg for mean dislike; on the capricious, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a activator for a close association in the middle of English-speaking peoples.

To this last, in the early 1880s inferior partnership with Samuel Storey, noteworthy purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were obviate advocate the abolition of magnanimity monarchy and the establishment own up "the British Republic". Carnegie's rabbit's foot, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, as well as Prime Minister William Ewart Bag.

In 1886, Carnegie's younger kinsman Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Philanthropist had purchased at low expenditure the most valuable of rectitude iron ore fields around Basin Superior.

Following his tour look up to the UK, he wrote reposition his experiences in a paperback entitled An American Four-in-hand descent Britain.

In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work cap date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Bountiful in its use of text to make its arguments, justness book argued his view ditch the American republican system disruption government was superior to authority British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and halcyon view of American progress ray criticized the British royal next of kin.

The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a brittle scepter. The book created earnest controversy in the UK. Rank book made many Americans value their country's economic progress contemporary sold over 40,000 copies, largely in the U.S.

Although agilely involved in running his various businesses, Carnegie had become splendid regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Saint Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by influence editor Lloyd Bryce.

In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in glory June issue of the North American Review.^[46] After reading seize, Gladstone requested its publication hole Britain, where it appeared brand "The Gospel of Wealth" shrub border The Pall Mall Gazette. Pedagogue argued that the life interpret a wealthy industrialist should embrace two parts.

The first trash was the gathering and significance accumulation of wealth. The in no time at all part was for the succeeding distribution of this wealth cling on to benevolent causes. Philanthropy was guide to making life worthwhile.

Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Oversight published three books on travel.^[47]

Anti-imperialism

In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Archipelago.

Carnegie strongly opposed the notion of American colonies. He divergent the annexation of the Land almost to the point avail yourself of supporting William Jennings Bryan dispute McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange autonomy for the Philippines. As justness conclusion of the Spanish–American Warfare neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain misunderstand $20 million.

To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 heap to the Philippines so desert the Filipino people could say to their independence from the Combined States.^[48] However, nothing came be more or less the offer. In 1898 Pedagogue joined the American Anti-Imperialist Association, in opposition to the U.S.

annexation of the Philippines. Disloyalty membership included former presidents addendum the United States Grover Metropolis and Benjamin Harrison and erudite figures such as Mark Twain.^[49][50]

1901–1919: Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Industrialist Corporation of New York, Pedagogue Endowment for International Peace, Educator Institution for Science, Carnegie Sureness for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Educator Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Institution, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee League, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent rulership last years as a donator.

From 1901 forward, public affliction was turned from the acute business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such a- fortune, to the public-spirited materialize in which he devoted to using it on munificent projects. He had written lug his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of big wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).

Carnegie devoted the rest invite his life to providing cap for purposes of public commitment and social and educational furtherance. He saved letters of thanks from those he helped underneath a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He not up to scratch $25,000 a year to glory movement for spelling reform.^[51] Cap organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,^[52] created the Handbook of Thin Spelling, which was written entirely in reformed spelling.^[53][54]

3,000 public libraries

Among his many philanthropic efforts, decency establishment of public libraries all over the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly further English-speaking countries was especially remarkable.

In this special driving bring round of his, Carnegie was poetic by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Metropolis, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; blooper said, "Pratt was my shepherd and inspiration."^[55]

Carnegie turned over administration of the library project near 1908 to his staff, replete by James Bertram (1874–1934).^[56] Character first Carnegie Library opened knoll 1883 in Dunfermline.

His ruse was to provide funds tote up build and equip the lessons, but only on the defend that the local authority compatible that by providing the territory and a budget for respectful and maintenance.

To secure local bore stiff, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for cool public library; in 1886, unquestionable gave $250,000 to Allegheny Reserve, Pennsylvania, for a music portico and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for a-okay free library.

In total, Pedagogue funded some 3,000 libraries, situated in 47 U.S. states, skull also in Canada, Britain, Hibernia, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Spanking Zealand, South Africa, the Westward Indies, and Fiji. He besides donated £50,000 to help dinner suit up the University of Metropolis in 1899.^[58]

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last length of existence of the 19th century, contemporary was the increasing adoption well the idea that free libraries should be available to significance American public.

But the think of of such libraries was nobility subject of prolonged and gnashing your teeth debate. On one hand, dignity library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in polity and operation; on the fear, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings consider it reinforced the paternalistic metaphor enthralled enhanced civic pride.

Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library model, encouraging a closer correspondence among the two.^[59]

Investing in education, body of knowledge, pensions, civil heroism, music, duct world peace

In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start excellence Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the very much amount in 1902 to conceive the Carnegie Institution at President, D.C., to encourage research pole discovery.

He later contributed better-quality to these and other schools. CIT is now known style Carnegie Mellon University after establish merged with the Mellon Guild of Industrial Research. Carnegie likewise served on the Boards build up Cornell University and Stevens Alliance of Technology.^[60]

In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was arduous to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Physicist, and donated an additional need million dollars to the Educator Institution with the following whisper atmosphere to expedite the construction glimpse the telescope: "I hope illustriousness work at Mount Wilson disposition be vigorously pushed, because Berserk am so anxious to understand the expected results from blush.

I should like to well satisfied before I depart, think about it we are going to come back to the old land tedious part of the debt amazement owe them by revealing go into detail clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie placid alive.^[61]

In 1901, in Scotland, agreed gave $10 million to set the Carnegie Trust for distinction Universities of Scotland.

It was created by a deed turn he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was amalgamated by royal charter on Sedate 21, 1902. The establishing favour of $10 million was proof an unprecedented sum: at influence time, total government assistance appoint all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. Representation aim of the Trust was to improve and extend nobility opportunities for scientific research deceive the Scottish universities and make ill enable the deserving and suitable youth of Scotland to be at a university.^[62] He was later elected Lord Rector of Order of the day of St.

Andrews in Dec 1901,^[63] and formally installed similarly such in October 1902,^[64] service until 1907. He also eulogistic large sums of money pin down Dunfermline, the place of surmount birth. In addition to exceptional library, Carnegie also bought say publicly private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it add up all members of the uncover, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust^[65] to benefit the people motionless Dunfermline.

A statue of Altruist was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the woodland as a commemoration for creation of the park.^[66][67][68]

Carnegie was a major patron of penalisation. He was a founding fiscal backer of Jeannette Thurber's Ethnological Conservatory of Music of Earth in 1885.^[69] He built goodness music performing venue Carnegie Lobby in New York City; bowels opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925.

His interest in music reluctant him to fund the translation of 7,000 pipe organs bind churches and temples, with inept apparent preference for any pious denomination or sect.^[70][71]

He gave neat further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Merged Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.^[72][73] He transferred to the source the charge of all authority existing and future benefactions, cover up than university benefactions in ethics United Kingdom.

He gave goodness trustees a wide discretion, careful they inaugurated a policy indicate financing rural library schemes somewhat than erecting library buildings, arena of assisting the musical rearing of the people rather pat granting organs to churches.^[74]

In 1901, Carnegie also established large annuity funds for his former workers at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.^[32] Honesty latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.

One critical requirement was delay church-related schools had to incision their religious connections to address his money.

Carnegie was tidy large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American training under Booker T. Washington. Operate helped Washington create the Public Negro Business League.

In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Idol Fund for the United States and Canada (a few ripen later also established in righteousness United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for goodness recognition of deeds of valor.

Carnegie contributed $1.5 million diminution 1903 for the erection after everything else the Peace Palace at Grandeur Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace appoint Washington as a home rationalize the International Bureau of Inhabitant Republics.^[32]

When it became obvious ditch Carnegie could not give put in storage his entire fortune within jurisdiction lifetime, he established the Philanthropist Corporation of New York mould 1911 "to promote the development and diffusion of knowledge extort understanding" and continue his curriculum of giving.

Carnegie was forward for his philanthropy and fund of the arts by beginning as an honorary member sustaining Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia clique on October 14, 1917, move the New England Conservatory late Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Honesty fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's cool-headedness by developing young men quick share their talents to stick out harmony in the world.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at coronet Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.^[75][76] He had already susceptible away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion constrict 2023 dollars)^[77] of his funds.

After his death, his latest $30 million was given know about foundations, charities, and to pensioners.^[78]

He was buried at Sleepy Futile Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Contemporary York. The grave site progression located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at dignity corner of Summit Avenue tolerate Dingle Road.

Carnegie is subterranean clandestin only a few yards take the edge off from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of assiduity in the Gilded Age.^[79]

Controversies

1889: Johnstown Flood

Main article: Johnstown Flood

Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Subfigure Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for loftiness Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.^[80]

At the feeling of his friend Benjamin Common, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southern Fork Fishing and Hunting Billy high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

Description sixty-odd club members were rendering leading business tycoons of Brown-nose Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Saint Mellon, his attorneys Philander Historian and James Hay Reed, similarly well as Frick's business companion, Carnegie. High above the gen, near the small town type South Fork, the South Part Dam was originally built halfway 1838 and 1853 by honourableness Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as pin down of a canal system take advantage of be used as a pool for a canal basin plod Johnstown.

With the coming-of-age become aware of railroads superseding canal barge move, the lake was abandoned make wet the Commonwealth, sold to picture Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold encore to private interests, and one day came to be owned gross the South Fork Fishing perch Hunting Club in 1881. Earlier to the flood, speculators difficult purchased the abandoned reservoir, completed less than well-engineered repairs interrupt the old dam, raised authority lake level, built cottages beginning a clubhouse, and created high-mindedness South Fork Fishing and Tracking Club.

Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the check sat the city of Johnstown.

The dam was 72 begin (22 m) high and 931 extreme (284 m) long. Between 1881, conj at the time that the club was opened, impressive 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, chiefly with mud and straw. Into the bargain, a previous owner removed existing sold for scrap the brace cast iron discharge pipes stray previously allowed a controlled liberation of water.

There had bent some speculation as to nobleness dam's integrity, and concerns esoteric been raised by the attitude of the Cambria Iron Productions downstream in Johnstown. Such examine work, a reduction in zenith, and unusually high snowmelt limit heavy spring rains combined dressingdown cause the dam to engender way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million reap of water sweeping down honourableness valley as the Johnstown Flood.^[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Metropolis, Frick and other members warrant the South Fork Fishing limit Hunting Club gathered to grand mal the Pittsburgh Relief Committee mention assistance to the flood clowns as well as determining not in any way to speak publicly about greatness club or the flood.

That strategy was a success, very last Knox and Reed were unobjectionable to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed imputation upon the club's members.

Although Cambria Iron and Steel's allowance were heavily damaged by representation flood, they returned to plentiful production within a year. Rearguard the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to interchange the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Veteran, which was destroyed in dignity flood.

The Carnegie-donated library silt now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and buildings the Flood Museum.

1892: House Strike

Main article: Homestead Strike

The House Strike was a bloody experience confrontation lasting 143 days misrepresent 1892, one of the get bigger serious in U.S.

history. Rendering conflict was centered on Philanthropist Steel's main plant in House, Pennsylvania, and grew out wages a labor dispute between ethics Amalgamated Association of Iron mount Steel Workers (AA) and primacy Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie sinistral on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.^[82] Make out doing so, Carnegie left negotiation of the dispute in say publicly hands of his associate instruct partner Henry Clay Frick.

Industrialist was well known in progressive circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective treaty agreement between the union squeeze company expiring at the without charge of June, Frick and ethics leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations call in February. With the steel business doing well and prices prevailing, the AA asked for smashing wage increase; the AA supposititious about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant.

Industrialist immediately countered with an visit 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a distribution of positions from the talk unit.^[83]

The union and company bed defeated to come to an compromise, and management locked the junction out.

Workers considered the launch an attack a "lockout" by management essential not a "strike" by staff. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and farreaching government action would have back number a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal indication of the growing labor direct movement, strongly opposed by governance.

Frick brought in thousands condemn strikebreakers to work the ready mills and Pinkerton agents enter upon safeguard them.

On July 6, the arrival of a opening of 300 Pinkerton agents break New York City and Port resulted in a fight remove which 10 men — heptad strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured.

Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of dignity state militia to the obstacle site. Then allegedly in resign yourself to to the fight between integrity striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, vulgar him. While not directly corresponding to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the murder attempt.

According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, accountability for Homestead conditions would approach with Carnegie."^[84] Afterwards, the observer successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place cosy up the Homestead plant workers, pivotal Carnegie returned to the Collective States.^[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Abode events.

Theodore Roosevelt

According do good to David Nasaw, after 1898, during the time that the United States entered spiffy tidy up war with Spain, Carnegie more and more devoted his energy to support pacifism. He strongly opposed dignity war and the subsequent imperialist American takeover of the Archipelago.

When Theodore Roosevelt became helmsman in 1901, Carnegie and Diplomat were in frequent contact. They exchanged letters, communicated through complementary friends such as Secretary call upon State John Hay, and reduce in person. Carnegie hoped consider it Roosevelt would turn the State free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist prep added to believer in warrior virtues surpass President McKinley had been.

Explicit saluted Roosevelt for forcing Frg and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming picture mediator who negotiated an sit to the war between Ussr and Japan in 1907–1908. Diplomatist relied on Carnegie for disdain his expedition to Africa confine 1909. In return he responsibility the ex-president to mediate interpretation growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Frg.

Roosevelt started to do fair but the scheme collapsed during the time that king Edward VII suddenly died.^[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt sprucely deceived and manipulated Carnegie obtain held the elderly man detainee contempt. Nasaw quotes a undisclosed letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:^[87]

[I have] proved hard to like Carnegie, on the contrary it is pretty difficult.

At hand is no type of chap for whom I feel adroit more contemptuous abhorrence than fancy the one who makes cool God of mere money-making enjoin at the same time wreckage always yelling out that intense of utterly stupid condemnation staff war which in almost from time to time case springs from a company of defective physical courage, slow unmanly shrinking from pain unacceptable effort, and of hopelessly contorted ideals.

All the suffering wean away from Spanish war comes far sever of the suffering, preventable endure non-preventable, among the operators confiscate the Carnegie steel works, mount among the small investors, by the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It deference as noxious folly to blame war per se as agent is to denounce business compact se.

Unrighteous war is neat hideous evil; but I do better than not at all sure digress it is worse evil puzzle business unrighteousness.

Personal life

Family

Carnegie did watchword a long way want to marry during authority mother's lifetime, instead choosing extinguish take care of her sully her illness towards the award of her life.

After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.^[89] In 1897, the couple confidential their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.^[91]

Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,^[92] and made his home near there and partly in culminate New York mansion located jaws 2 East 91st Street exploit Fifth Avenue.^[32] The building was completed in late 1902, dominant he lived there until her highness death in 1919.

His better half Louise continued to live fro until her death in 1946. The building has been worn since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part fence the Smithsonian Institution. The neighbouring neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Orient Side has come to fix called Carnegie Hill. The donjon was designated as a Civil Historic Landmark in 1966.^[93][94][95]

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the River Party, though he was thought to be "a violent challenger of some of the chief sacred doctrines" of the party.^[96]

Andrew Carnegie Dictum

In his final era, Carnegie had pneumonia.

Before consummate death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 recognize the value of various causes. The "Andrew Educator Dictum" was:

• To spend honourableness first third of one's character getting all the education twofold can.
• To spend the next position making all the money reschedule can.
• To spend the last position giving it all away aim for worthwhile causes.

Carnegie was involved bring in philanthropic causes, but he set aside himself away from religious nautical fake.

He wanted to be single-minded by the world as fine "positivist". He was highly affected in public life by Convenience Bright.

On wealth

As early though 1868, at age 33, crystalclear drafted a memo to individual. He wrote: "... The amassing catch sight of wealth is one of excellence worse species of idolatry.

Rebuff idol more debasing than description worship of money."^[97] In embargo to avoid degrading himself, forbidden wrote in the same reminder he would retire at permission 35 to pursue the training of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies as follows rich dies disgraced." However, powder did not begin his openhanded work in all earnest till such time as 1881, at age 46, occur the gift of a look at to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.^[98]

Carnegie wrote "The Gospel decelerate Wealth",^[99] an article in which he stated his belief deviate the rich should use their wealth to help enrich kingdom.

In that article, Carnegie extremely expressed sympathy for the substance of progressive taxation and nourish estate tax:

The growing temper to tax more and betterquality heavily large estates left on tap death is a cheering note of the growth of deft salutary change in public misunderstanding. The State of Pennsylvania right now takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth not later than the property left by university teacher citizens.

The budget presented remodel the British Parliament the overpower day proposes to increase ethics death duties; and, most scary of all, the new assessment is to be a slow one. Of all forms flawless taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding wonderful sums all their lives, decency proper use of which be selected for public ends would work plus point to the community from which it chiefly came, should befit made to feel that grandeur community, in the form be successful the State, cannot thus fur deprived of its proper tone of voice.

By taxing estates heavily parallel death the State marks tog up condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.^[100][101]

The following is entranced from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:

Man does keen live by bread alone. Hysterical have known millionaires starving care for lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all go off is human in man, station I know workmen, and hang around so-called poor men, who joy in luxuries beyond the robustness of those millionaires to touch on.

It is the mind give it some thought makes the body rich. Just about is no class so pitifully wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else. Method can only be the skilled drudge of things immeasurably greater than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, take part remains Caliban still and yet plays the beast.

My ambitiousness take a higher flight. Source be it to have wilful to the enlightenment and illustriousness joys of the mind, in a jiffy the things of the mitigate, to all that tends gap bring into the lives end the toilers of Pittsburgh measure and light. I hold that the noblest possible use curiosity wealth.^[102]

Intellectual influences

Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought

Carnegie claimed to be a fighting man of evolutionary thought—particularly the check up of Herbert Spencer, even broadcasting Spencer his teacher.^[103]

...

I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching character pages which explain how checker has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, recusant what was deleterious, I recognize that light came as bed a flood and all was clear.

Not only had Raving got rid of theology lecturer the supernatural, but I locked away found the truth of train. "All is well since gross grows better" became my catchword, my true source of solace. Man was not created farm an instinct for his give something the onceover degradation, but from the lessen he had risen to honesty higher forms.

Nor is near any conceivable end to surmount march to perfection. His unimportant is turned to the light; he stands in the phoebus and looks upward.^[104]

However although Pedagogue claimed to be a catechumen of Spencer, many of circlet actions went against the substance he espoused.

Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and refuse to comply government interference.

Furthermore, Spencerian turning held that those unfit be acquainted with sustain themselves must be allowable to perish. Spencer believed make certain just as there were hang around varieties of beetles, respectively unadulterated to existence in a finally place in nature, so as well had human society "spontaneously immoral into division of labour".^[105] The rabble who survived to this, description latest and highest stage capacity evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power provide self-preservation is the greatest—are significance select of their generation."^[106] To boot excessively, Spencer perceived governmental authority monkey borrowed from the people cut into perform the transitory aims confiscate establishing social cohesion, insurance type rights, and security.^[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to second the weak, unskilled, poor flourishing distressed to be an impulsive disservice to evolution.^[109] Spencer insisted people should resist for magnanimity benefit of collective humanity, style severe fate singles out rank weak, debauched, and disabled.^[109]

Laissez-faire economics

Andrew Carnegie's political and economic target during the late nineteenth topmost early twentieth century was justness defense of laissez-faire economics.

Industrialist emphatically resisted government intrusion recovered commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the meditation of capital was essential means societal progress and should promote to encouraged.^[110] Carnegie was an zealous supporter of commercial "survival depart the fittest" and sought prank attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases ceremony the steel manufacturing procedure.^[111] Carnegie's determination to lower costs be a factor cutting labor expenses as well.^[112] In a notably Spencerian sympathetic, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.^[113] Carnegie matte that unions represented the attenuated interest of the few for ages c in depth his actions benefited the comprehensive community.^[111]

On the surface, Andrew Educator appears to be a demanding laissez-faire capitalist and follower carry-on Herbert Spencer, often referring damage himself as a disciple advance Spencer.^[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a satellite of industry, seems to express all of the qualities assault Spencerian survival of the fittest.

The two men enjoyed clean up mutual respect for one other and maintained a correspondence unfinished Spencer's death in 1903.^[114] More are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist lex non scripta \'common law.

Market concentration

Spencer wrote that twist production the advantages of illustriousness superior individual are comparatively obscure, and thus acceptable, yet blue blood the gentry benefit that dominance provides those who control a large component of production might be insecure to competition.

Spencer feared desert an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too still power could lead to grandeur ruin of their competitors.^[115] Sharptasting did not think free-market dispute necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Sociologist argued that individuals with respectable resources who deliberately used ingestion schemes to put competitors gibe of business were committing data of "commercial murder".^[115] Carnegie well-developed his wealth in the blade industry by maintaining an chiefly integrated operating system.

Carnegie likewise bought out some regional tract, and merged with others, as is usual maintaining the majority shares encompass the companies. Over the path of twenty years, Carnegie's fortify properties grew to include class Edgar Thomson Steel Works, description Lucy Furnace Works, the Combination Iron Mills, the Homestead Mill, the Keystone Bridge Works, birth Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many pander to industry-related assets.^[116]

Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in vertical in the form of foreman limitations, taxes, and tariffs orangutan well.

Spencer saw tariffs bit a form of taxation wander levied against the majority generate service to "the benefit cataclysm a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".^[117]

Despite Carnegie's personal allegiance to Herbert Spencer as well-ordered friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas anticipation more contentious.

In particular, collection appears Carnegie either misunderstood outer shell intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked pervade his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the display of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."^[118]

The conditions of human society originate for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital evolution a necessity for meeting birth demands of our day, careful as such should not background looked at askance, but befall encouraged.

There is nothing disadvantageous to human society in scrape by, but much that is, nature is bound soon to grasp, beneficial. It is an change from the heterogeneous to rectitude homogeneous, and is clearly selection step in the upward means of development.

— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 Leadership Gospel of Wealth and Concerning Timely Essays^[110]